FOOTS

Diabetic Foot Care

Introduction to Diabetic Foot Care

Diabetes Mellitus is a condition in which either your pancreas does not produce enough insulin or it produces sufficient insulin but the cells of your body are unable to use the insulin. Foot Complaints are the leading cause of hospitalization of people with diabetes. It is estimated that 15% of all diabetics will develop a serious foot complaint at some time. People with diabetes can develop a variety of foot complaints, which can result in severe cases, to an amputation of a toe, foot or leg.
However, with regular visits to a chiropodist or podiatrist along with patient education, appropriate footwear and daily foot inspections, one can prevent any serious complaints.
The three main complications associated with diabetes are: -

• Neuropathy (diminished sensation)
• Poor circulation
• Decreased resistance to infection. 

NEUROPATHY

Neuropathy can simply be defined as a complete or partial loss of sensation in the feet and legs. A patient may not be able to feel a soft touch or a sharp sensation on their lower limbs. Therefore, the patient is unable to recognize and prevent injuries due to neuropathy. This can result in severe trauma and injury to the feet.
A chiropodist may test if a diabetic patient has neuropathic feet by testing if the patient can feel soft touch, sharp touch and use a vibrating fork to test if the patient can feel the sensation of vibration against their skin.
Neuropathy can also lead to sharp shooting pains in the feet. These can be very painful and usually occur at night. It can also cause muscle weakness in the foot, which can result in foot drop. Foot drop is when a foot can not be raised during walking. This may lead to bunions, corns and calluses

FOOT CIRCULATION

People with diabetes often suffer from peripheral vascular disease. This can result in cramps in the calves. This is known as intermittent claudication. The temperature of the skin may decrease and there may be a change in color of the skin. A decrease in the flow of blood to the feet produces inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the foot. This can lead to serious consequences if a foot is injured, as healing will be impaired. For this reason, diabetic patients are urged to take better care of their feet. Especially elderly diabetic patients, as infections can spread rapidly through their feet.

ULCER....

An ulceration is usually a painless sore on the bottom of the foot. It can be present on any aspect of the foot or under a corn, callus or blister. Trauma in the form of heat, cold and shoe pressure can result in an ulcer. Force or friction against the bottom of the foot can also lead to pressure ulcers. Neuropathy allows an ulcer to develop without the patient without a patient noticing it. This is known as a neuropathic ulcer.

On the other hand, a very painful ulcer can be due to poor circulation and is known as an ischemic ulceration. Treatment is dependent upon early diagnosis. A chiropodist may use padding to redistribute pressure away from the lesion. Use of dressings, antiseptics and orthotics may also be used to treat an ulceration. In severe cases, gangrene may develop, this may result in surgery to the foot.
With your chiropodists help, small cracks in the skin, corns and calluses can be treated before they get infected. The chiropodist will pare down the hard skin or corn at a regular interval. This will prevent the build up of pressure on the lesions, which can lead to an ulcer.
Other measures include, a temporary casting of the foot to redistribute pressure away from a lesion. The chiropodist may also work in close conjunction with your GP to prescribe appropriate antibiotics for you.
The prevention of ulcers is a joint partnership between the patient and the chiropodist. The patient must check his/her feet on a regular basis for cracks in the skin and examine the insoles of the shoes for any foreign objects such as glass or pebbles. Eating the appropriate food and limiting alcohol intake and smoking are all factors that are extremely important. Most of all regular diabetic check ups to monitor the diabetes is very important. The chiropodist will ensure that your lesions are treated appropriately and if there is a need for shoe or insole modification, the chiropodist will endeavor to correct it


FOOT WEAR

Inappropriate footwear can lead to serious diabetic foot complaints such as ulcers and infections. It is vital to wear appropriate footwear. Diabetics should check their shoes for any sharp objects such as glass and should also check for torn lining. New shoes should only be worn for a few hours at a time to begin with.

SKIN CHANGES 

 Diabetes can affect nerves in your feet that control sweating. This can cause the skin on the feet and on the legs to become very dry. In severe cases, this can lead to fissures. Fissures are small cracks in the skin, which allow an entry portal for bacteria and can lead to infections. Therefore, moisturizing the feet and legs is essential for diabetic patients. 

 What your Chiropodist will do:

• To provide regular foot check ups
• To treat any foot complaint you may have.
• Provide footwear advice and general foot care tips. 

What you should not do

• Never soak your feet for long periods of time.
• Never perform any bathroom surgery, for example cutting corns or calluses with a razor blade.
• Do not use any from of chemical treatment for corns, calluses or verucaes.
• Never allow a lesion to go untreated.
• Never ignore any foot pain.
• Avoid extremes of temperature, very warm and very cold conditions can lead to skin complaints.
• Do not use hot water bottles on your feet.
• Never walk barefoot as you are at a risk of getting a cut, which will subsequently become infected.
• To provide custom made insoles if necessar

What you should do

• Keep blood sugar levels under control.
• Wash your feet daily. Dry them carefully, especially in-between the toes.
• Cut toe nails straight across and file the edges gently.
• Check the insides of your shoes daily and make sure that the seam or stitches of the shoes have not come lose

NEWS

'Friending' students disallowed

MIAMI - A FLORIDA school district has told teachers not to be 'friends' with students on social networking sites and to be very careful in using electronic communication to avoid legal and workplace problems.
Lee County school officials issued the guidelines on Monday at the start of the 2010-2011 school year, warning teachers not to communicate with students via Internet sites.
'It is inappropriate for employees to communicate, regardless of the reason, with current students enrolled in the district on any public social networking website,' the guidelines said. 'This includes becoming 'friends' or allowing students access to personal web pages for communication reasons,' it said.
Robert Dodig, who is in charge of the county's legal affairs office, said, 'Too many people may not realise what they do in their private life online can come back to cause issues in their professional life, especially in public education.' Social networks like Facebook, Twitter and MySpace are increasingly being used by students and institutions, and many educators have used the sites to organise activities, the guidelines noted.
Teachers were instructed to let their supervisors know if they are using a social networking site for reasons related to their work, and educators were asked to think twice before posting information or photographs.
'Never post information about students - even something as innocent as a student's name - as student information is considered private and confidential,' it said. Authorities said they were not trying to restrict teachers' use of social networks, so much as to protect the teachers when they do

ESSAY

QUESTION = Student sometime have problem in deciding which university they want to apply t. Suggest 3 factor that student should consider when applying to university. You may include some of following aspect course, facilities. You should write at least 350 words.
  



  In this modern era, many student are unable to decide which university or college they want to apply by them self. This is because many college to chooses. Factors that student should consider when apply any university or college are the courses that offered and facilities provided in the universities. Most important factor is qualified experience lecturer, the fees that suitable for the course also important to prevent student from get strees.

  For the first point is, student should choose the suitable course or get any suggestion from internet or parents. If the student had misschoosen about the course than they will get stressed and give up to continue the study.

  Furthermore, the student should know the facilities that have been provided by the universities such as an auditorium, transport provided, a comfortable hostel for student and the important facilities is the environment to student study. Other than that, the fees also have been considered by student.

  In addition, an experience and qualified lecturer also have give attention to student when want to choose any universities. It is because the good lession come from good experience lecturer.

  The conclusion from this situation, student should consider the right course so that in future they wont ger any regret or trouble such as to get job vacation.

NEWS

China smoking as serious as Sars

BEIJING - THE head of the World Health Organization in China said on Tuesday widespread smoking in the Asian nation should be given the same attention as an outbreak of the deadly Sars disease.
Timed to coincide with the release of new data on adult tobacco use in China by the country's centre for disease control, Michael O'Leary said the Asian nation's widespread tobacco addiction was a worry.
'China's longstanding high prevalence of tobacco addiction deserves the same level of concern as an outbreak of Sars or H1N1,' he said in an email to AFP. 'Chronic conditions now constitute the lion's share of the burden of disease in China, and tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of death and disease.'
A total of 13,354 people across China took part in the survey from October last year to May 2010 which also revealed that 70 percent of non-smoking adults were exposed to secondhand smoke in a typical week.
China is the world's biggest consumer of tobacco, and up to one million people in the country die every year from lung cancer or cardiovascular diseases directly linked to smoking. Authorities have pledged to ban smoking in all indoor, public places by next year, but activists and experts have raised doubts that the rules can be implemented in a country where law enforcement is weak.
In an indication of the extent of the problem, 56.8 per cent of all male doctors in China smoke and some hospitals are not tobacco-free, state media reported earlier this year

EPILEPSY

 

 

 

 

 

 

what is epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a condition of the nervous system, It can be scary watching someone have an epileptic seizure. The person may lose consciousness or seem unaware of what's going on, make involuntary motions (movements the person has no control over, such as jerking or thrashing one or more parts of the body), or experience unusual feelings or sensations (such as unexplained fear). After a seizure, he or she may feel tired, weak, or confused.
People have seizures when the electrical signals in the brain misfire. The brain's normal electrical activity is disrupted by these overactive electrical discharges, causing a temporary communication problem between nerve cells.
Just because someone has a seizure does not necessarily mean that person has epilepsy, though. Seizures can be triggered in anyone under certain conditions, such as life-threatening dehydration or high temperature.
But when a person experiences repeated seizures for no obvious reason,
that person is said to have epilepsy.
Many people develop epilepsy as children or teens. Others develop it later in life.
For some people with epilepsy (particularly kids), the seizures eventually become
less frequent or disappear altogether.

What Causes Epilepsy?

• a brain injury, such as from a car crash or bike accident
• an infection or illness that affected the developing brain of a fetus during pregnancy
• lack of oxygen to an infant's brain during childbirth
• meningitis, encephalitis, or any other type of infection that affects the brain
• brain tumors or strokes
• poisoning, such as lead or alcohol poisoning

Living With Epilepsy

• Stay calm.
• Help, but don't force, the person to lie down on his or her side, preferably on a soft surface, and place something soft under the person's head.
• Take the person's glasses or backpack off and loosen any tight clothing near the neck.
• Don't restrain or hold the person.
• Move objects, especially sharp or hard ones, away from the person.
• Stay with the person or make sure another friend or trusted person stays with him or her.
• Talk with the person in a calm, reassuring way after the seizure is over.
• Observe the event and be able to describe what happened before, during, and after the seizure.
• Do not place an object into the person's mouth during a seizure.

Alzheimer's Disease   

Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first appear after age 60.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among older people. Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning—thinking, remembering, and reasoning—to such an extent that it interferes with a person’s daily life and activities. Estimates vary, but experts suggest that as many as 5.1 million Americans may have Alzheimer’s.
Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer.

In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman
who had died of an unusual mental illness. Her symptoms included
memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior.
After she died, he examined her brain and found many abnormal
clumps (now called amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles
of fibers (now called neurofibrillary tangles).
Plaques and tangles in the brain are two of the main
features of Alzheimer’s disease.
The third is the loss of connections between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. 

Signs and Symptoms 

1. Memory loss

2. Difficulty performing familiar tasks                   

3. Problems with language                                                          

4. Disorientation to time and place

5. Poor or decreased judgment       

6. Problems with abstract thinking                     

7. Misplacing things

8. Changes in mood or behavior

9. Changes in personality

10. Loss of initiative

NAILS.......

INTRODUCTION...

The fingernail is an important structure made of keratin that has 2 purposes. The fingernail acts as a protective plate and enhances sensation of the fingertip. The protection function of the fingernail is commonly known, but the sensation function is equally important. The fingertip has many nerve endings in it allowing us to receive volumes of information about objects we touch. The nail acts as a counterforce to the fingertip providing even more sensory input when an object is touched.


Nail Growth

Nails grow all the time, but their rate of growth slows down with age and poor circulation. Fingernails grow faster than toenails at a rate of 3mm per month.It takes 6 months for a nail to grow from the root to the free edge. Toenails grow about 1 mm per month and take 12-18 months to be completely replaced.


Nail Structure

 
The structure we know of as the nail is divided into six specific parts - the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium, and hyponychium. Each of these structures has a specific function, and if disrupted can result in an abnormal appearing fingernail.

 

 

 

Fingernails: What to look for

Your nails — composed of laminated layers of a protein called keratin — grow from the area at the base of the nail under your cuticle. As new cells grow, older cells become hard and compacted and are eventually pushed out toward your fingertips.
Healthy nails are smooth, without ridges or grooves. They're uniform in color and consistency and free of spots or discoloration. Nails can develop harmless conditions, such as vertical ridges that run from the cuticle to the tip of the nail. Vertical ridges become more prominent with age. Nails can also develop white lines or spots due to injury, but these eventually grow out with the nail.
Not all nail conditions are normal, however. Some are signs of diseases that require medical attention. See your doctor if you notice these changes in your nails:

• Yellow discoloration
• Separation of your nail from the nail bed (onycholysis)
• Indentations that run across your nails (Beau's lines)
• Nail pitting
• Opaque or white nails
• Curled nails

Tooth.....

Why do we have teeth?

• Teeth bite and chew food so that it is small enough to be swallowed.
• Teeth help you to form words so that you can speak properly.               
• You will have noticed that when young kids lose their front teeth, their voices sound quite different.

 

 

 

 

 

Tips for a healthy mouth, teeth and gums:

• Clean your teeth well twice a day, after breakfast and last thing before you go to sleep at night. After a meal have a drink of water (this washes your teeth and mouth).
• Use a small toothbrush with soft bristles. Hard and medium bristled toothbrushes can damage teeth and gums.
• Use fluoride toothpaste. Spit it out when you have finished cleaning your teeth. Rinsing your mouth will wash out too much of the protective fluoride. 'Spit, don't rinse'.
• Gently and thoroughly brush each side of every tooth and the gums. It should take about 3 minutes to do them all.
• Avoid cleaning your teeth soon after drinking acid drinks such as orange juice. The acid in drinks softens the enamel, and cleaning can scratch the enamel while it is soft. Rinse your mouth with water, wait for about half an hour, then clean your teeth. 

• Dental floss cleans between your teeth, get your dentist to show you how to use floss.
• Wash your hands after going to the toilet and before using your toothbrush.
• Don’t start smoking. It stains your teeth and can lead to disease in the mouth.

How do teeth decay?

• Germs (bacteria) in our mouth grow on teeth every day. They form a sticky layer over the teeth called dental plaque.
• The bacteria in plaque use sugars in the things we drink and eat, and make acids. The acid attacks the tooth’s outer layers (enamel and dentine) and eats them away. For more information about sugar and starches in food, have a look at the pamphlet 'Sugar' produced by the South Australian Dental Service.
• If acid continues to attack, then a hole will appear in the tooth's outer layer. This is called tooth decay (or dental caries). Tooth decay may be painful or you may not even know it is there.
• Saliva neutralises the acid in plaque. If the plaque is brushed off and saliva surrounds the tooth, the enamel surface can harden again. Fluoride helps the enamel to be repaired.

If the tooth continues to decay, a number of things could happen:

• The tooth could break.
• The nerve or pulp could get infected and the nerve could die.
• You could have a toothache
• You could get facial swelling. 

• You might feel sick.
• You might need a filling.
• The tooth might need to be taken out

Keeping your toothbrush safe from germs

 

• After brushing, rinse your toothbrush under running water.
• Store your toothbrush in a clean dry place.
• Do not share a toothbrush, as this can spread germs.
• Replace your toothbrush often.

NEWS

China widens milk tests

 

 

The Ministry said it would test baby-formula maker Synutra International as well as other brands to compare the level of estrogen in dairy products, the People's Daily reported.

SHANGHAI - CHINA is expanding an investigation into reports of hormone-tainted milk powder by testing a range of infant milk powders and breast milk, state media said on Saturday, the latest food scare to hit the country.
The Ministry of Health launched the probe following complaints that tainted milk powder had caused baby girls to show signs of premature sexual development.
The Ministry said it would test baby-formula maker Synutra International as well as other brands to compare the level of estrogen in dairy products, the People's Daily reported on its website. 'In order to guarantee that the milk powder tests are safe and reliable, this time the Ministry of Health has chosen Beijing and Shanghai to test the products,' Liang Li, a medical expert, who is also a member of the investigation panel of the Ministry, was quoted as saying.
Shares of Synutra, a Chinese firm, plunged as much as 35 per cent earlier this week, but stabilised after the company denied the reports and said it was in the process of taking legal action to protect its brand.
Even if the allegations prove to be unfounded, the concerns about exposure to tainted milk products has underscored the persistence of food safety problems that have alarmed consumers, undermined China's global image and sparked criminal cases.
Two years ago, China was plagued with a melamine scandal when at least six children died and nearly 300,000 became ill from drinking powdered milk laced with melamine, an industrial compound added to fool inspectors by giving misleadingly high results in protein tests.

Kidney

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS................

• Formation and secretion of urien
• Production and secretion of erythropoietin, the hormone that controls formation of red blood cells.
• Production and secretion of renin, an important enzyme in the control of blood pressure. 

Acute kidney failure

Definition

Acute (sudden) kidney failure is the sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove waste and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

There are many possible causes of kidney damage. They include:

• Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

• Autoimmune kidney disease, including:
  • Acute nephritic syndrome
  • Interstitial nephritis
• Decreased blood flow due to very low blood pressure, which can result from:
  • Burns
  • Dehydration
  • Hemorrhage
  • Injury
  • Septic shock
  • Serious illness
  • Surgery

Symptoms

• Bloody stools
• Breath odor
• Brusing easily

• Changes in mental statusor mood
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased sensation, especially in the hands or feet

• Fatigue

• Flank pain (between the ribs and hips)

• Hand tremor
• High blood pressure

• Metallic taste in mouth
• Nausea or vomiting, may last for days

• Nosebleeds
• Persistent hiccups
• Prolonged bleeding
• Seizures
• Slow, sluggish movements
• Swelling - generalized (fluid retention)
• Swelling of the ankle, feet, and leg swelling

• Urination changes:
  • Decrease in amount of urine
  • Excessive urination at night
  • Urination stops completely

STRESS

What Is Stress?




Stress is a feeling that's created when we react to particular events. It's the body's way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina, and heightened alertness.

The events that provoke stress are called stressors, and they cover a whole range of situations — everything from outright physical danger to
making a class presentation or taking a semester's worth of your toughest subject.

The human body responds to stressors by activating the nervous system and specific hormones. The hypothalamus signals the adrenal glands to produce more of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol and release them into the bloodstream. These hormones speed up heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. Blood vessels open wider to let more blood flow to large muscle groups, putting our muscles on alert. Pupils dilate to improve vision. The liver releases some of its stored glucose to increase the body's energy. And sweat is produced to cool the body. All of these physical changes prepare a person to react quickly and effectively to handle the pressure of the moment.

This natural reaction is known as the stress response. Working properly, the body's stress response enhances a person's ability to perform well under pressure. But the stress response can also cause problems when it overreacts or fails to turn off and reset itself properly.

how to control stress?

	Release negative emotions fast. Works well for stress, anxiety and anger!
	Recover from fatigue fast
	Relax and calm your mind and body in a matter of minutes.
	Release limiting beliefs like "I'm not worthy of getting what I want"
	Connect with who you really are and your true purpose.
	Discover how to enter a state of “heart connection” where you feel peaceful AND connected to the best course of action for you right here and now.

BIRTHDAY GIRL......

HAPPY BIRTHDAY 20 YEARS TO SUHAILAH BINTI RAMLI...



10/08/2010
TEUSDAY

 Happy birthday to you....happy birthday to you....happy birthday to SUHAILAH BT RMLI...happy birthday to you...huuraayyy....we all pray hope that you well be more mature and become a good nurses in the future...yesterday nite,at 12.00 am..me,mastura,k.ain and yap had give her a present..we make her wake up from sleep..huhuhu...that the best thing we done to her..she in semi-conscious,wake up and look so blurr take our present and go to sleep back...so pretty to her...but..we hope she happy with that...

P/S: - suhailah thank to be our friend since 
             we know each others..

         -  for the 20 years you birthday, we hope 
             our friendship maintain forever.

          - love you shila..

    

DENGUE

             What is dengue fever ?

---

Dengue Fever and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (a more severe form) are the most common mosquito-borne viral diseases in the world. Dengue Fever is an illness caused by infection with a virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. There are four types of this virus (serotypes 1 to 4) which can infect you.
Dengue Fever is spread though the bite of the Aedes Mosquito


 

   Lifecycle of Aedes Mosquito

Fast facts about the mosquito

• Only the female aedes mosquito bites as it needs the protein in blood to develop its eggs.
• The mosquito becomes infective approximately 7 days after it has bitten a person carrying the virus. This is the extrinsic incubation period, during which time the virus replicates in the mosquito and reaches the salivary glands.
• Peak biting is at dawn and dusk.
• The average lifespan of an Aedes mosquito in Nature is 2 weeks
• The mosquito can lay eggs about 3 times in its lifetime, and about 100 eggs are produced each time.
• The eggs can lie dormant in dry conditions for up to about 9 months, after which they can hatch if exposed to favourable conditions, i.e. water and food

 

1. Adjective : added to an adjective is a describing word, it is a word added to a noun to tell us something more about the noun
 Types : 1. descriptive adjectives
             2. predicative adjectives
             3. quantitative adjectives
             4. possessive adjectives
             5. interrogative adjectives

2. Adverb : an adverb is a word that added to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. this means, it is a word that says something more about a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Types :  1. adverb of time

             2. adverb of place

             3. adverb of manner

             4. adverb of degree

             5. emphasizing adverb

             6. interrogative adverb

             7. relative adverb

             8. sentence adverb

3. Noun : is a naming word, it is a name which identities something. In short, the work of noun in sentence is to name or identify a person, animal, a place or a thing.

Types : 1. common nouns

            2. proper nouns

            3. abstract nouns

            4. collective nouns

            5. compound nouns

 

4. Articles : are words such as a, an, the. These words are actually adjective, that is demonstrate adjectives. tough these are small words, they are very important.

Types : 1. the indefinite articles

            2. the definite articles

 

5. Verbs : is an active word it indicates doing, having or being the verb is used to say something about a person or object, it tell us what a person or an object does or is doing

Types : 1. main verbs  - regular verbs

                                  - irregular verbs

            2. auxiliary verbs

 

6. Prepositions : a preposition is a word which joins a noun or pronoun to another word and indicates some relation between the noun and pronoun and that other word.

Types : 1. simple prepositions

             2. compound/ derived prepositions

 

7. Conjunction : is a word used to join words or groups of words together or one sentence to another

 

8. Punctuations : is the use of certain marks or sign called stops, comma, semicolon